The Criminal Justice System Across The Country Essay

The criminal justice system across the country is designed to punish and strive to rehabilitate those who have committed offenses against the law. Compared to some of the harshest regimes in the world, the United States has a harsh history of mass incarceration. American prisons maintain nearly 25 percent of the world’s prison population. Of the nearly 2.3 million incarcerated, 1 million are African Americans (NAACP). The poverty-stricken in America, especially those who are persons of color, face a greater risk of incarcerated for minor offenses than their white counterparts. People charged and or convicted of crimes are overwhelmingly poor. The Prison Policy Initiative finds that incarcerated people have a median annual income of $19,185 prior to their incarceration which is 41% less than that of non-incarcerated individuals of a similar age (â€Å"Prisons of Poverty†). Both race and socio-economic status plays a critical role in the inequality that takes place in th e criminal justice systems. Over the last half century, the total number of those imprisoned has spiked dramatically as crime rates have sharply dropped since the early 1990’s. Experts offer varied explanations for the troubling growth of the American prison industrial complex, including the War on Drugs, harsh mandatory minimum sentences and a system largely incapable of handling suspects with mental health issues (Lee). Across the United States, the cost of the justice system is paid increasingly by theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Victim and Crime Evulation1159 Words   |  5 PagesMay 5, 2014 Joeseph Caulfield The Criminal Justice system today is our scale of judgment. It plays a major part in how we live and how we continue to live among all the dangers, evil and corruption that surrounds us. Without it there wouldn`t be the fine line of right and wrong, there wouldn`t be justice. 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It is a popular viewpoint, embodying the ideals and institutions of a society or segment of society. Although myths are regarded as fictional representations, they often reveal underlying ideals. Myths often tell us more about our social and cultural values than they do about any

Interpersonal Communication in a Marriage Free Essays

My name is Olevia Johnson and I am going to be giving you a little advice on how you should communicate with one another in your new marriage. I am going to address the way you should properly use interpersonal communication with one another on a healthy daily basis. I want to address in this letter: Understand how perceptions, emotions, and nonverbal expression affect interpersonal relationships. We will write a custom essay sample on Interpersonal Communication in a Marriage or any similar topic only for you Order Now Define emotional intelligence and its role in effective interpersonal relationships. Evaluate appropriate levels of self-disclosure in relationships. Describe strategies for managing interpersonal conflicts. Understand the impact of gender and culture on interpersonal communications. In learning how to understand how perceptions, emotions and nonverbal expression affect interpersonal relationships I ran across this article and it stated , Schachner, Dory A. Patterns of Nonverbal Behavior (Fall 2005) Nonverbal behavior and sensitivity to a relationship partner’s nonverbal messages have important effects on the quality of interpersonal interactions and relationships. The abilities to encode, or express, and to decode, or understand, nonverbal cues are crucial to the communication of emotions (e. g. Ekman, 1988; Siegman Feldstein, 1987) and are associated with mental health, social adjustment, and relationship satisfaction (e. g. , DePaulo, 1992; Noller, 1985). Encoding and decoding abilities are diverse and quite variable, being affected by social context and interactants’ social roles (Snodgrass, 1985). They apply to a variety of content domains, including personal dispositions, behaviors, internal states, interpersonal intentions, self-presentational strategies, and social relations (Bernieri, 2001). – . Emotional intelligence and its role in effective interpersonal relationships. Bridgepoint Education, (2011) para2. 5 Emotional intelligence is a set of skills that can be learned. We can improve our emotional intelligence by increasing our awareness of emotional issues and improving our ability to identify, assess, and manage our feelings. Emotional intelligence is something that we use to communicate with others and without it we could not be able to understand what others are saying to us and the emotions that they are using to explain to us what is wrong what is just going on in their lives and the lives around us. When evaluating of levels of self-disclosure a lot of people feel very uncomfortable about certain things they tell a person it could be that they don’t trust a person enough to disclose this type of information or they just want to be more private than others. In chapter 7 (Bridgepoint Education, (2011) Para 5. It states that Most of us willingly give people some types of information such as name and the town in which we live. However, would you give someone your street address? Your phone number? A credit card number? The answer to these questions is usually â€Å"It depends. † Decisions about self-disclosure are often based on how well you know the other person, your predictions about how he or she will react to the information, your judgment about why he or she needs to know the information, and your assumptions about what he or she will do with the knowledge. In other words, you must know someone well enough or be comfortable enough with him or her to be able to predict how the listener will respond. You must trust the other person not to take advantage of the information you share. We do not disclose to everyone we know in the same way. You may have some information you are willing to share with everyone, some information you would be willing to share with a close friend, some information you would share only with your spouse or significant other, and still other information that you might share with a close friend but might not tell your family. John and heather these things that you should think about when you are discussing your love life among others these things can harm a marriage , especially the beginning . Now I would like to discuss strategies for managing interpersonal conflicts, it has always been important to manage the way the relationship of you and another person communicates. You can do this by addressing a problem in the relationship early on. In chapter 9(Bridgepoint Education, (2011) Para 5 it states that you can do this by Your knowledge of the other person and how he or she might react to such displays should govern whether you use any of these methods. Remembering the positive things about your relationship when you are in conflict can often allow you to work out differences and have a utually satisfying resolution that preserves a happy relationship. You can also often prevent conflict by using the other interpersonal communication skills discussed in this text and increasing your awareness of your own communication behaviors. Are you unconsciously creating potential conflict situations through your use of threatening language? Is your nonverbal behavior at times dominee ring or overbearing? Do you get overly emotional during conflict situations? Paying attention and modifying your behavior, checking your perceptions with other people, practicing effective listening skills, and using the skills of emotional intelligence can all be useful means of preventing or diminishing conflict. Also, resist the temptation to judge others when they do not communicate as well as you would like and try to be tolerant and accepting of the behavior of others when they explain things in more detail than you need, they talk too slowly, or they ramble. These are key things to remember whenever you and your mate or having a bad day I might say , or something did not go right for the other one. I want you guys to understand the impact of gender and culture on interpersonal communications. In the Journal of Social psychology it states that the research on gender differences is quite extensive (Burgoon, Buller, Woodall, 1989; Hayduk, 1983). Observed differences between males and females typically are attributed to the more affiliative and/or submissive sex roles of women in a society relative to men (Eakins Eakins, 1978; Henley LaFrance, 1984); presumably, such roles lead women to establish closer proximity to others, to use a more direct body orientation, and to be more receptive to the use of touch than men are. In fact, studies have confirmed that (a) female dyads interact at closer distances than do male dyads (Aiello Jones, 1971; Evans Howard, 1973; Mehrabian Diamond, 1971), (b) mixed-sex dyads tend to be more proximate than male dyads (Baxter, 1970; Cook, 1970; Evans Howard, 1973), (c) women allow closer approaches from others than men allow (Dosey Meisels, 1969; Patterson Edinger, 1987; Willis, 1966). d) the body orientations of women interactants are more direct than those of men (Jones, 1971; Mehrabian Friar, 1969), (e) female and mixed-sex dyads use touch more than male dyads (Elzinga, 1975; Hall Veccia, 1990; Henley, 1973; Jones, 1971; Major, 1982; Stier Hall, 1984), and (f) in mixed-sex interactions touch may be initiated more by males (Henley, 1973; Heslin Boss, 1980; Major Williams, 1980) or by either gender depending on factors such as culture (Shuter, 1977), type of touch (Hall Veccia, 1990; Jones, 1986), or age of interactants (Hall Veccia). In other countries as well, similar results have been obtained (Shuter, 1976, 1977; Sussman Rosenfeld, 1982). These types of facts are things that you should consider as an interracial couple and try to always defeat the odds Those are just some of the topics I wanted to address with you so on the rest of your marital journey you can just love one another with less conflict. This is why I felt the need to address the way you should properly use interpersonal communication with one another on a healthy daily basis. Good Luck, How to cite Interpersonal Communication in a Marriage, Papers

Sales Case Study free essay sample

We can always hire regular employees but sometimes we only need someone for a little while. When company needs help they often need it right away. Markets change and the economy changes with it. Businesses need to have that type of flexibility also. In this case where two out of five salespersons have resigned within six months of joining the company, there is definitely a problem with the staffing process. The staffing process of SWISHFLOW LTD. (which deals in manufacturing and marketing consumer durables like fans and water purifies for household consumers and commercial firm) included the sales manager deciding the job qualifications of salespersons based on what they have learnt in MBA programme and have various other serious concerns as well. Improvement in the Staffing Process There is a need of reviewing the whole staffing process and tries to find out the problems and their respective solutions. Swishflok need to do the theoretical work and should emphasis once again on the selection of salespersons. We will write a custom essay sample on Sales Case Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It includes establishing responsibility, deciding upon sales identifying various sources for recruiting for sales, selecting the sales people, giving them job offer and by providing social- contacts as well as contacts with co workers. So the staffing process should be as Establish Responsibility Problem: Almost all of the staffing decisions are governed by the sales manager and he is lacking in practical knowledge as well. Solution: Staffing Decisions should be controlled by the apex authority of organization whether by top level management or they can have a separate dedicated authority for it. Moreover Mr. Sunil Kumar, Sales Manager of Swishflow Ltd. should take suggestions and recommendations from the concerned authorities. Deciding the number of sales person needed Problem: Recruitment of only 5 salespeople to cover major metros cities of Maharashtra will not give accurate results due to insufficient coverage. Solution: Swishflow ltd. Should go for hiring of more salespersons depending upon area of coverage. And more and more people should be called for interview so as to get better and qualified salespersons. Outline the type of Sales People needed Problem: Problem related to outline the type of sales people needed are most importantly that Sales manager have assigned different works to salespersons which leads to lose their interest and ultimately end with lack of job satisfaction among salespersons. Solution: The best solution for this thing will be that Salespeople should be used efficiently in their respective domain only. Â  Identify sources of sales recruits Problem: The company is using advertisement in the local newspaper as a external source for recruiting the salespeople only which is traditional and not so much effective. Solution: Swishflow Ltd. hould advertise in national newspapers as well as in trade journals in order to get a good number of highly qualified candidates. Develop tools amp; procedure for measuring applicants Problem: Swishflow have adopted the method of deciding upon the job qualifications of salespersons based on what they have learnt in their MBA program. Solution: Instead of giving job description as pe r their academic background company should consult experienced members of the company. Selection Decision Problem: The biggest and severe problem with the whole selection process is absence of H. R. person in the interview process. Moreover there is also a problem with wrong selection criteria – absence of local people. Solution: They should include at least one H. R. person in the selection process. For example Head of the organization can take part in selection process. Sales people should be local to their area of operation. HIRING Making the job offer Problem: Compensations to salespersons were not clearly defined. As per the case salespersons are having Residence problem. Solution: Regarding compensation of salespeople details should be informed priorily and clearly. The company conducted a one week training program only and generally guidedthe new sales person who reported Mr. Sunil Kumar directly. Solution: More time and emphasis should be given to training in order to give all-round development of people Assimilation Problem: Lack of social interaction with the new environment. Solution: Sales manager should give as much time as possible to the new sales person by providing social- contacts as well as contacts with co workers. They can also show them various video tapes or films about the company’s mission should be. They should shared values, employee benefits and the information about the job.

Until Theres Nothing Left of Us free essay sample

When I first came across Kill Hannah, I naturally speculated about the origin of the Chicago band’s moniker. Who is Hannah? Is someone being ordered to kill her? Is it a wish? A plea? Was there a breakup? Maybe Hannah was a pet. Did she have to be put to sleep? Did Hannah attack a mailman? After popping in the band’s second album, â€Å"Until There’s Nothing Left of Us,† I began to realize the untimely fate of Hannah. Poor girl must have overdosed on too much mediocre mainstream electro-space-rock. My condolences to Hannah’s family. From the beginning of â€Å"Life in the Arctic,† I knew I was in for something either artsy and pretty or ordinary and mundane. A short, unintelligible dialogue gives way to a bass line and distant guitar screeches before big drums and a bouncing piano take over. The inherent overproduction points the band toward a space-rock sound which becomes more evident as the album chugs along. We will write a custom essay sample on Until Theres Nothing Left of Us or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"Believer,† the second track, is the proverbial kick-in-the-behind where the band realizes they need to do something productive. Enter the corny synth line, crashing power chords, and the vocals of Mat Devine. Ah, Mat Devine. He sings with a hushed tone and as-of-yet unparalleled androgyny. There’s so much estrogen in the vocals that I bring up the notion that he may have been Hannah in a past life. â€Å"Lips Like Morphine† is perfect for radio and television. The synth is as prevalent as ever, the drums are stale and reek of recycling, and as Devine proclaims that he wants â€Å"a girl with lips like morphine,† the tweens are already arriving at his doorstep with love notes and a burning desire for a hug. The rest of the album is more of the same tracks so similar that they could be interchanged, synth stolen straight from the 1980s, and more of Devine’s contrived lyrical wit. â€Å"Crazy Angel† opens with a woman (Hannah?) asking, and I quote, â€Å"What’s the craziest thing you’ve done recently?† It makes me shiver with nausea. The fact that the chillingly annoying line is repeated halfway through the song only worsens matters. â€Å"Sleep Tight† functions as an end to the album and is simply a replay of the introduction with added lyrics. It seems a tacked-on afterthought, a good idea with not-so-good execution. I make â€Å"Until There’s Nothing Left of Us† sound worse than it is. Granted, somewhere between the reused drum beats, cheesy synth lines and boring lyrics, the music inadvertently finds ways to be mildly interesting. But for all the bits of music salvaged from the trash heap, the majority of the album is transposable filler and in the end the entire product is as average as average gets. However, judging by the band’s â€Å"market us† image and made-for-radio style, Kill Hannah is definitely going places. Good for them, but after listening to their sophomore release, I’ve come to the conclusion that Hannah just isn’t my type.

The History, Aspects, and Impact of Computer Technology essays

The History, Aspects, and Impact of Computer Technology essays Computer users of today probably think computers have been developed within the 20th century. Surprisingly, computers originated before the birth of Jesus Christ. Computers are an essential part of each and every day in our modern life. They entertain, educate, assist in daily tasks and in many instances, fascinate us with their capabilities. They can be found almost everywhere. Computers are the basis for PDAs, which are used by many busy people to schedule their work and life appointments; air traffic control systems, that direct airplanes in their movement; satellites, that keep us in communication with the rest of the world; information systems which aid manufacturing, and in the systems which aid in health care. Computer technology has made rapid advances within the last seventy-five years. Lets examine the development of computers throughout history. A computer is a machine that performs rational calculations. A computer may be able to process information to perform repetitive tasks, as well as store information. Computers can be as simple as pebbles, systematically placed on stones, to as complex as massive machines, processing and storing large amounts of data. Computers may require many operators or operate without human intervention. Utilizing complex programs, computers can perform unimaginable tasks or perform large amounts of work in record speed. Throughout history, there have been many events that have influenced the development of computers. As early as 3000 B.C., clay tablets, holding pebbles in grooves for counting, were introduced within the Tigris-Euphrates Valley. In all essence, this was the first computer. Other historians argue that the first computer was the abacus, a counting tool. It originated in Egypt in 2000 B.C., approximately a millennium previous to reaching the Orient. Around this same time, Stonehenge observatory was constructed in England. All these wer...

Anglo-Saxon Ideologies And Customary Practices By Pagans

Anglo-Saxon Ideologies And Customary Practices By Pagans The poem Beowulf was written between the 8th and 10th centuries, a time of great transition. Anglo-Saxons still dominated England, and Christianity had only come to the region one hundred or so years before. Although the new religion spread quickly, Anglo-Saxon (or Norse) paganism and its influence in the English peoples lives did not subside quickly. Although Beowulf often speaks of God, the story of Cain and Abel, and the Great Flood, there are major pagan motifs and social interactions that underly the poem and keep it rooted in old Anglo-Saxon ideas. The poem synthesizes Christian and pagan beliefs, and a close reading shows that there are many more pagan elements than immediately obvious. More than Christianity, paganism is the social basis for the society Beowulf addresses. Some elements of Christianity are obvious in this poem. Grendel is said to have descended from Cain, Adam and Eve’s fratricidal son in the Book of Genesis (Heaney, 9), and the poem makes frequent references to thanking God for bestowing victory upon Beowulf. However, as Beowulf scholar Benjamin Slade points out in his talk comparing the Christian and pagan elements of the story, the poet never names Christ explicitly. After his defeat of Grendel, Beowulf calls for the â€Å"Almighty Father be thanked† (Heaney, 63). Yet as Slade points out, giving thanks to God and making references to divine blessings and judgment after death are not at all exclusive to Christian theology. Beowulf contains very little talk of Christs teaching of salvation and forgiveness, and there is almost an exclusively â€Å"Old Testament† feel to the poem’s Christian elements. An interesting point where Christianity and paganism cross in the story is the mention of a â€Å"great flood† depicted on the hilt of a sword (Heaney, 117). Indeed, there is talk of a great flood in Genesis, but Slade correctly observes that the flood described in the poem â€Å"makes no reference to Noah, or an ark, or the effect of the flood on anyone except the giants.† A flood killing many giants, however, is not exclusive to Christianity, but is also mentioned in the pagan story of Ymir in which the giants blood floods the world and kills all the other giants. Thus, it seems that the author blended two traditions into one poetic element in a very ambiguous way. One of the major pagan elements that is common across the story is the idea of Fate. Fate was an integral part of Anglo-Saxon and Norse theology, and the Anglo-Saxon society from which Beowulf sprang (and the Norse societies to which the poem speaks) still placed a great deal of trust in it. Fate is what leads King Hygelac to his death in battle (Heaney, 85) and is what leads to Grendel’s death – not simply the will of God. Just as much talk as there is of Gods grace and will, there is talk of destiny and divine inevitability. Even in his final moments, Beowulf speaks of his death and his past glories as being part of his fate. As the poems hero says before fighting Grendel: â€Å"Fate goes as ever Fate must† (Heaney, 31). Another pagan social ideal central to the poem is the concept of the feud or duel. In Anglo-Saxon and Norse society, the holmgang – the traditional duel for settling disputes of honor – was considered very important to maintain the balance of social harmony (Day). For Hrothgar, the King of the Danes, the need to slay Grendel is not just from a need to protect his kingdom, but to avenge the destruction of his hall at Heorot and the death of his thanes (retainers) at the hands of Grendel (Heaney, 9-11). Even the demonic mother of Grendel seems bound by this code, when she seeks revenge for the death of her son at the hands of Beowulf and his cohorts (Heaney, 89). The Christian ideal of loving ones enemies and â€Å"turning the other cheek† seems clearly absent for the heroes in Beowulf, who seem to be bound by the need to maintain the balance of honor by feuding between various sections of society (Day). The poems hero sums up clearly the Nordic idea of the importa nce of the feud, in saying â€Å"It is always better to avenge dear ones than to indulge in mourning† (Heaney, 97). The most critical remnant of Anglo-Saxon pagan social relations within Beowulf is the aforementioned concept of honor. In slaying Grendel, it is just as important that Beowulf gained a great deal of honor for himself and the Geatish people as it was for him to defend the Danes from Grendel and the monster’s mother. King Hrothgar speaks clearly of family honor, an dits importance to society, within his family and Beowulfs family after Grendels death (Heaney 83-85). Even at the end of his life, Beowulf is not concerned about salvation or accession into Heaven, but instead is more concerned with having fulfilled an honorable life that is worthy of posthumous prestige (Heaney 189, 213). His death is an explicitly pagan one, with a traditional cremation on a funeral pyre bedecked with gold and treasures, rather than the simple Christian burial rites of the time (which were more concerned with the glories and riches awaiting the dead in Heaven, not their earthly possessions). Although the poet that put Beowulf to paper was almost certainly a Christian, the society that he inhabited was not completely Christianized itself, and the content and social interactions within the poem make this quite clear. While there is much talk of God, Cain and Abel, and divine rewards, there is never a specific mention of these things being exclusively Christian elements of the story. For Beowulf, honor and prestige are far more important than enacting Gods will or achieving salvation after death, even at the end of his life. Thus, one cannot say that Beowulf is a Christian poem, but a tale that grew out of a society in transition from pagan to Christian. WORKS CITED: Slade, Benjamin. â€Å"à ¾rym gefrunon, helle gemundon: Indogermanic shruti and Christian smriti in the Epistemology of Beowulf.† paper given [in absentia] at 38th International Congress on Medieval Studies. Kalamazoo (Michigan), 2003. Heaney, Seamus. Beowulf: A New Verse Translation. New York: W.W. Norton, 2001. Day, David. â€Å"Hwanan sio faeho aras: Defining the Feud in Beowulf†. Philological Quarterly, Winter 1999, 78:77-95.

Shaping Marketing Decisions Based on Consumer Behavior Essay

Shaping Marketing Decisions Based on Consumer Behavior - Essay Example It is important to note that the buying process originates in the mind long before a customer has made a conscious effort to make a purchase, and such a decision shall be affected by personality and social-cultural factors (McKenna 2000). Consumer behavior thus is a study that attempt to assess why consumers buy where they buy, the influence that affects their purchase decision, how they view your products or services relative to those of your competitors, and most importantly, why they should stick to your products in the face of a market awash with similar products and services from your competition. It also involves an assessment of the attitudes that consumers have towards a service or a product and the role that they play in their households, as this shall affect their purchase decisions (Lele 1002). Consumer behavior is both a dynamic and complex process. It is also multidimensional and tends to greatly impact on all the marketing decisions of a firm. An evoked set is that subset of brands within a product category that is often considered by individuals when they wish to make a purchase (Campbell, 1969). Given that there is a large number of brands that are contained in each of the individual product categories, consumers thus resorts to the use of evoked sets with a view to making their purchase decisions easier. From a consumer's perspective, an evoked set could as well be regarded as an awareness set made up of particular brands within a product category that a given set of consumers are aware of (Narayana & Markin 1975). In other words, an evoked set could be viewed as those handful of choices that will often pass through our minds when we are just about to arrive at a buying decision. For instance, when someone is purchasing say, a personal computer, such brands as either Sony or Dell may come to mind. In this case, this is an evoked set. For a marketer, it is crucial that his/her products be aligned so as to constitute a valid evoked set in the minds of customers. This is all about creating a brand image of your products and services that appeal to the market. According to Lele (1992), only those brands that form an evoked set within the consumers' minds get to be purchased. Lele Further opines that if a brand or supplier is not part of an evoked set, then such a brand will either be rarely purchased by a consumer or be ignored altogether. A majority of consumers' evoked sets have at most five differing brands. Consequently, it often becomes quite tricky to have more that a similar number of firms having a widespread acceptance as being distinguished and exceptional. Owing to the multiplicity of opinions, it would not be easy to have to say, three firms or brands being a part of the perception of quite a sizable proportion of the consumer market. Due to this, most of the marketers for packaged goods often fight viciously to obtain a share of the consumers' mind, and hence their attention. When a firm fails to familiarize itself with a buyer groups' evolved set, then the achievement of its overall strategy through the use of differentiation is jeopardized (Lele 1992).