How and why is masculinity in crisis?

How and why is masculinity in crisis? Discuss with reference to psychoanalytic theories of masculinity. It is widely argued that Western Societies are currently witnessing a crisis of masculinity. The status of masculinity is changing and this is partially due because the society is changing economically, socially and especially in relation to the position of women. These changes also affect the sphere of consumption and popular culture. I will examine at first how Freud places a great emphasis on the early relationship of the young boy. This relationship will have important consequences for development. According to Freud, this relationship is overshadowed by the oedipal conflict. Secondly I will go through Kleins theory about the relationship between the boy and the mother. Contrary to Freud, Melanie Klein emphasis the powerful maternal figure. After that I will explain how masculinity is shaped by social and cultural theories; how and why masculinity is changing. Masculine identity as it has been seen formerly within patriarchal cultures as evolved into a new male. The roots of a crisis in masculinity are analysed in social theories in terms of a conflict in gender roles. Cultural theories, which intersect with Lacans idea, are also important in how the crisis in masculinity has been studied. The rise of feminism has surely encouraged many men to question how they view women. Now that feminism has attacked the pat riarchal systems of power and control, masculinity has been left undermined and unsure. Finally I will give an overview on how masculinity is view between men. To evaluate how masculinity might be in crisis, it is first necessary to examine how psychoanalytical theories assume that boys gain their masculine identity; or in other words how they become men. Freuds ideas about masculinity developed in three steps. The first one is the idea of continuity between normal and neurotic mental life, the concepts of repression and the unconscious, and the method that allowed unconscious mental processes to be read through dreams, jokes, slips of the tongues and symptoms (Connell, 1995). Freud understood that adult sexuality and gender were not fixed by nature but were constructed through a long and conflict-ridden process. Freud places a great emphasis on the early relationships of the young boy with his parents or caregivers. It is the vicissitudes of these relationships that will have important consequences for development. In Freudian terms, this early relationship is overshadowed by the oedipal conflict. The Oedipus complex is characterized by th e desire for one parent and hatred for the other. For boys, the Oedipus complex is the rivalry with the father and terror of castration. Here Freud identified a formative moment in masculinity and pictured the dynamics of a formative relationship. Freud argued that homosexuality is not a simple gender switch and a large proportion of male inverts retain the mental quality of masculinity. The second step in Freuds analysis of masculinity is the development to gender. He goes further by saying that masculine and feminine currents coexist in everyone. In his final stage, Freud developed his account of the structure of personality, in particular the concept of the superego. The superego is formed in the aftermath of the Oedipus complex, by internalized prohibitions from the parents. Freud gradually came to see it as having a gendered character, being crucially a product of the childs relationship with the father, and more distinct in the case of boys and girls. This provided the germ of a theory of the patriarchal organization of culture, transmitted from one generation to the next through the construction of masculinity. The most important processes that occur in early life that influence the construction of the male identity is the oedipal complex. According to Greenson (1968), the idea of disidentification is divided into two processes: firstly a boy must sever the emotional ties he has with the primary caregiver, usually the mother, and secondly he needs to identify with a male role model, usually the father. The role of the father in the masculine identity is seen as crucial by psychoanalysts. Horrocks (1994) sees the role of fathering as an introduction to manhood. He also identify one of the most important functions of the father as to show the young boy that it is possible to live with the mother, to have conflict, fear and guilt. According to Horrocks, the modern damage male is seen as unfathered. The boys entry into his masculinity can only be achieved through his castration complex which sets in motion his separation from his mother and identification with his father. Freud (1925) explains the castration complex by a few stages. First, the young boy believes that everyone has a penis. Secondly, he discovers that women do not have penises and assumes that they have been mutilated. Thirdly, when he begins to masturbate, he is told that he will be castrated. Fourthly, when he finds that the breast has been removed, he believes that the penis will be next. The Oedipus complex is abolished by the fear of castration. In contrast to Freud, Melanie Klein argues that is envy of the mother rather than rivalry with the father that impedes psychic changes. The relationship between the boys and the mother has been left undeveloped by Freud. Disagreeing with Freud, about his account of oedipal feelings in relation to the father, she argues that the first signs appear in relation to the mother. In fact, according to Horrocks (1994) the young boy is surrounded by feminine presence throughout his early childhood, and it is important for him to break away and discover a world of men where he can gain his roots of male identity. The central paradox is that men want to escape from womanhood but there is also the desire to become close to a woman. For Klein, masculinity and femininity are biologically determined and reinforced during childhood in opposition to Freud who believes that bodies and minds are structured through patterns of cultural power. Klein assumes that the concept of the womb envy is an importa nt component in the male psyche. Minsky (1995) describes how the Kleinian point of view sees the development of male power as being rooted in the fear of the womb. Besides his envy of his mothers breasts, the young boy also becomes envious of her womb and the power it give to create life. According to Minsky (1995), the phallus saves men and provides a distraction from the womb envy. Kleins concept of womb-envy is important to understand male misogyny. Boys envious of their mother have to accept that they can never have breasts or a womb. Unconscious womb-envy helps to explain the opposition between nature (identified with women) and culture (identified with men). Men have to opt for culture because nature, in the sense of giving birth and feeding children from their own bodies, is simply unavailable to them (Minsky, 1996). Is the notion of a crisis in masculinity new, or it is just that each generation experiences it in different ways? The evidence has been suggesting the latter. As Mangan says Crisis isa condition of masculinity itself. Masculine gender identity is never stable; its terms are continually being re-defined and re-negotiated, the gender performance continually being re-staged. Certain themes and tropes inevitably re-appear with regularity, but each era experiences itself in different ways. (Mangan 1997:4). Cultural conceptions of masculinity and femininity vary between cultures and alter over historical time. Cultural theories, which intersect with Lacans ideas, are important in how the crisis in masculinity has been studied. According to Lacan, the phallus is the central signifier of the sexual difference. The principle of masculinity rests on the repression of feminine aspects and introduces conflict into the opposition of masculine and feminine. Faludi (2000) described the new male as objectified and subject of a sexist consumer culture. In addition, he believes that the mans secured attachments and relationships with the workplace are no longer powerful and exclusive as they were. Now that the rise of feminism has attacked the patriarchal systems of power and control, masculinity has been left undermined and unsure. Apparently, this rise has left men confused in the way they view women. Faludi strongly believes that this crisis in masculinity can be resolved if both women and men c an work together to combat it. There are a number of contributory factors to the so-called crisis in masculinity. I will be describing some of them. Maguire (1995) point out that mens crisis concerned their social role and identity. For her, these uncertainties manifest themselves in violence, increased levels of suicide and abusive behaviour towards them or others. Men are more likely to commit suicide than women. Suicide appears to be triggered by relationship problems, unemployment, drug and alcohol abuse, low self-esteem and mental illness. Many men remain bad at acknowledging and expressing feelings which left them trapped between the old-style macho and the new-man type behaviour requiring a man to be in touch with his feelings. Social research finds that men are choosing to remain living at home rather than move out on their own (Office of National Statistics, 2000). Whitehead (2002) found out that this evidence prove that men are failing to cope with the new challenges they are facing. Society is moving from a patriarchal culture, to give way to different masculinities. The rise of feminism, changing family patterns, social concerns about jobs contributed to these changes. The advent of post modernity has resulted in redundancy, constant job role changes and unemployment for men. According to Beynon (2001) men now suffer deep depression at the loss of the breadwinner role and the status that went with it. He claims that men are falling out of family life in greater numbers and may end up lonely. More men end up isolated socially and psychologically, finding it difficult to ask for help. At least 50% of marriage in UK result in divorce and as Beynon found out men is mostly responsible for marital breakdown. Nowadays, women have demonstrated that they can bring up children without men. Clare says that the rise in the number of single mothers suggests not merely that men are inadequate as partners and fathers, but they are simply redundant. Women are asserting that they can convince rear children on their own. They dont need men to father their childrenwomen can do without them in the workplace. Even more significantly, they can do without them in their beds. (Clare 2000:100). A significant number of fathers involved in divorce leave the family home and become non-resident. The visiting father is a shadowy, displaced figure trying to avoid becoming an ex-father, who stops but does not stay, who is no longer a man of the house, but a visitor who come and goes. (Clare 2000: 150-1). Women are seen to be living more successful and fulfilling lives, without relying on their partners. So, the loss of patriarchal authority and the equality in heterosexual relationship have left men disoriented. In other way, is the notion of a crisis in masculinity new, or it is just that each generation experiences it in different ways? The evidence has been suggesting the latter. As Mangan says Crisis isa condition of masculinity itself. Masculine gender identity is never stable; its terms are continually being re-defined and re-negotiated, the gender performance continually being re-staged. Certain themes and tropes inevitably re-appear with regularity, but each era experiences itself in different ways. (Mangan 1997:4).

Most common learning disabilities are in reading

The most common acquisition disablements are in reading. Children with larning disablements besides have jobs with attending, memory, and behavioural jobs as a consequence of defeat. The term â€Å" learning disablements † covers a combination of possible causes, symptoms, interventions, and results. What is a larning disablement? With at least 12 definitions that appear in professional literature, there is no exact definition. Most experts agree that the acquisition disabled have troubles with academic accomplishment and advancement and that disagreement exist between a individual ‘s potency for larning and what he really learns. Learning jobs are non due to environmental disadvantages, mental deceleration, or emotional perturbation Dyslexia is the most recognizable term in the field of larning disablements. It is typically associated with a kid ‘s inability to larn to read. There is much involvement in how to handle dyslexia through placing specific patterns and techniques for developing and bettering the reading accomplishments of kids. A common misconception with the term is that parents and others may believe that dyslexia is a cause for a kid ‘s trouble acquisition to read and are incognizant of the existent significance of the term. Dyslexia is a descriptive term, which means damage in the ability to read. Lending to the misunderstanding of the term dyslexia, are recent media studies about dyslexia and about research workers who are get downing to place anatomical and chemical differences in the encephalons of good and hapless readers When reading the article about Jeffrey H. Gallet was really animating to me because what he had to get the better of while being in school and non cognizing that he was populating with dyslexia bulk of his grownup life. Therefore going a successful justice makes me desire to endeavor even further in my instruction way. I was diagnosed tardily in college of holding dyslexia, affected my surveies in the extent that I ab initio picked subjects non suited to my acquisition demands. For illustration I struggle with foreign linguistic communication and Science even though I excelled in topics I thought would give me the most jobs such as English and History. This was n't the first of my jobs. It foremost started in First grade when I was introduced to reading and composing. That is when my parents were told that I was holding trouble and was unable to larn Phonics. I was ne'er told of my job from my parents or instructors. I was merely past through in the educational system. I ever got by with B ‘s, C ‘s and D ‘s. I was ever placed in particular instruction category. At that clip no one knew what was incorrect with me. Why could I non read or compose like the remainder of the pupils. I ‘m positive that holding been diagnosed with dyslexia affected my overall public presentation if I would hold had been diagnosed sooner I feel that my academic public presentation could hold improved over the old ages. By holding dyslexia I feel that instructors may be peculiarly confused by the pupil whose consistent underachievement seems due to what may look like sloppiness or deficiency of attempt. These kids can be made to experience really different from their equals merely because they may be unable to follow simple instructions, which for others seem easy. It is a category instructor ‘s duty to supply an atmosphere conducive to larning for all students within their category. Class instructors need to hold an apprehension of the jobs that the dyslexic kid may hold within the schoolroom state of affairs. Hopefully, with this cognition, a great trade of misinterpretation of a kid ‘s behaviour can be prevented. In a positive and encouraging environment, a dyslexic kid will see the feeling of success and self-value. Of peculiar importance is an apprehension of the jobs that hapless auditory short term memory can do, in footings of retaining input from the instructor. Examples of hapless audile short term memory can be a trouble in retrieving the sounds in spoken words long plenty to fit these, in sequence, with letters for spelling. Often kids with hapless audile short term memory can non retrieve even a short list of instructions. In decision to be able to learn, every bit far as possible, harmonizing to each kid ‘s educational demands, it is indispensable to see him or her as a whole individual, complete with single strengths and failings. An apprehension of the student ‘s specific troubles, and how they may impact the pupil ‘s schoolroom public presentation, can enable the instructor to follow learning methods and schemes to assist the dyslexic kid to be successfully integrated into the schoolroom environment. Dyslexics have much strength: unwritten accomplishments, comprehension, good ocular spacial awareness/artistic abilities. More and more dyslexic kids could go gifted and talented members of our schools if we worked non merely with their specific countries of trouble, but besides their specific countries of strengths from an early age. To make this we have to allow travel of antique point of views that a dyslexic kid must first neglect in order to be identified. These are the kids of our hereafter and they have a right to assist and back up before they develop the awful sense of failure which is so insidious. Class instructors covering with dyslexic kids need to be flexible in their attack, so that they can, every bit far as possible, happen a method that suits the student, instead than anticipating that all students will larn in the same manner. Above all, there must be an apprehension from all who teach them, that they may hold many endowments and accomplishments. Their abilities must non be measured strictly on the footing of their troubles in geting literacy accomplishments. Dyslexic kids, like all kids, thrive on challenges and success

Minimum Wage Is A Bad Idea - 890 Words

â€Å"Raising the Minimum Wage is a bad idea† I. Over the past few years the Minimum Wage has become a controversial topic to people and politicians. As we all know people everywhere are talking about that we need to increase the minimum wage again. Some people don’t realize that increasing the minimum would have principal’s effects on low-wage workers. For instance, most low-wage workers would receive a higher pay that would increase their family income. Yet, some jobs for low-wage workers would probably be eliminated because raising the minimum wage takes away jobs from the low-skilled and young workers. In my opinion, the minimum wage increase would have a negative impact in employment, us the consumers and families receiving benefits. In this speech I plan to discuss why the minimum wage shouldn’t be raise to $15 an hour. Firstly, I will discuss how the raise of the minimum wage would affect employment. II. Effects on employment. A. Loss of jobs. 1. Once the minimum wage is raised, many workers would lose their jobs. 2. According to The Congressional Budget Office, â€Å"The increase in wage would reduce employment by 500,000. That amounts to about 0.3 percent of total employment, and about 3 percent of directly affected workers (500,000 of 16.5Million).† 3. Also, The Congressional Budget Office, came up with an estimate of how big an effect the minimum wage would have on employment. In the table, you can see how the CBO compared the $9.00 an hour for $10.10 an hour. B. WhoShow MoreRelatedRaising The Minimum Wage Is A Bad Idea871 Words   |  4 PagesIn announcing his wrongheaded proposal to increase the minimum wage to $9 an hour, President Obama spoke in lofty terms: â€Å"In the wealthiest nation on Earth,† he said in his State of the Union address last month, â€Å"no one who works full time should have to live in poverty.† If the debate proceeds as it has – many times – in the past, then most Democrats will embrace the president’s message and back the proposal, while most Republicans will oppose it, on the grounds that higher labor costs will leadRead MoreWith There Being So Many Restaurants Open For These Fast1096 Words   |  5 Pagesare paid the minimum to work at these occupations. With the increase in business for fast food restaurants, workers are demanding for higher wages. However, if wages were to increase, something else would have to be compensated for this demand. 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Many people that work a minimum wage paying job are teenagers and young men and women, but higher minimum wages would make it harder for these teenagers to find jobs becauseRead MoreThe Minimum Wage Debate ( Hassett Strain )973 Words   |  4 Pagesthink about minimum wage and what our belief on raising i t is, most people think one of two things. People hold to the belief that a raise to the minimum wage good for the economy or it is bad for the economy. The authors of â€Å"the minimum wage debate† (Hassett Strain, 2013) would attempt to have us look at the debate in another way. In their article they use a number of rhetorical techniques on us to try and have the reader examine why they are in favor of a raise in the minimum wage. Are we in favorRead MoreThe Minimum Wage766 Words   |  4 Pageswhether or not the minimum wage should be raised. Minimum wage can produce an impact on everyday life more than most may think. It is not just about more money in a person’s pocket; it can affect the economy in multiple ways. Many people think it would be a good idea to raise the average minimum wage, but they do not understand or take the time to think of the disadvantages. The minimum wage is the least amount a worker can be paid at a job, by federal law. The present minimum wage is set at sevenRead MoreThe Debate Over Minimum Wage940 Words   |  4 Pages The debate on raising the minimum wage has been discussed in detail in Congress for the past eighteen months. But as of late, writer William Finnegan suggests, it is â€Å"among the many urgent issues that it [Congress] certainly won’t address.† Though this issue is important, Congress seems to be putting off making any real decision in regards to raising the minimum wage. The bill to raise minimum wage from $7.25 per hour to $10.10 and hour over a two year period had been thrown around for monthsRead MoreThe High Cost Of Minimum Wage929 Words   |  4 Pageshigh cost of minimum wage For a while now many have been demanding minimum wage be brought up to 15 dollars. Strikes and protests for it are nothing new. Who wouldn t want to get paid more? This idea seems promising, but it may turn into a deadly trap ready to paralyze our economy. Minimum wage should not be raised to 15 dollars for at least several years because it will ruin our economy. It would be very costly, unfair and counterproductive if that were to happen. Raising minimum wage to 15 dollarsRead MoreWhy The Housing Market Is Not The Best Investment?889 Words   |  4 Pagescrash such as: the minimum wage fallacy, The prices of housing rising, the government supporting bad loans, and why the government cannot stop it. To begin with, before I can explain anything you have to understand that your mortgage is a lot more complicated than even you realize. Your mortgage, like everyone else s, is from a bank, and this bank groups your mortgage with thousands of of other mortgages and this is called a mortgage bond. This was a very amazing idea and made tons of moneyRead MoreWhy The Minimum Wage Should Be Raised?1410 Words   |  6 Pagesraised the minimum wage to $7.25. However, six years later the minimum wage rage remains the same. It is time once again for the federal government to raise the minimum wage to spur the economy. Raising the minimum wage would help the American economy and the daily life of the citizens for a variety of reasons. The first topic is that it not only would help the people but it also would help the economy as a whole. The second topic is that companies are already raising the minimum wage because ofRead MoreThe Causes And Consequences Of Class Conflict Between The Bourgeoisie And The Proletariat1422 Words   |  6 Pagesbourgeoisie, and then they would revolt, demanding changes to smooth the conflict. Over the years many ideas have been proposed by many different individuals in office and also many have been implemented. In 1933, a series of meetings were help on the topic of minimum wage, lead mostly by the Department of Labor. Many different representatives from organizations with the interest in minimum wage appeared at each of the meetings. Some groups that attended were National Consumers League, National League

Effect of Both Substrate and Light on Germination Process - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1317 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2018/12/17 Category Biology Essay Type Report Level High school Did you like this example? Abstract Germination refers to a process through which seeds crop out into a new plant. There are various requirements that are needed for the seed to germinate. Amongst the factors are light, substrate concentrations such as water and other environmental conditions that serve in the creation of the media that is conducive to the process to take place. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Effect of Both Substrate and Light on Germination Process" essay for you Create order Light and types of substrates that form the media for germination to take place are very vital in the germination of seed. They can either facilitate or lower the rate of germination depending on their conditions. For instance, light absence and presence bring different effects to the germinating seed as it is going to be demonstrated in this experiment. Similarly, other environmental conditions such as substrate concentration will either fasten or lower the germination processes. In the experimental report below, the major emphasis is on the effect of the light and substrate in the germination process. The introduction captures the effect of both light and substrate as discussed theoretically. The paper also highlights the apparatus that were used in the experiment together with the method that was used in investigating the effects of interesting factors for germination. Moreover, the results obtained from the experiment are tabulated and discussed in details. All the information in the paper is very important as it is used as an educational tool as highlighted under recommendations as well as in the discussion part. Thus all the information provided is useful. Introduction Germination of seeds highly depends on the various factors that are either biotic or abiotic which are mainly found in the environment (Wani et al, 2016). Some environmental factors are very stressful in terms of the seed development whereas others facilitate the process. One of the vital factors that are very useful for the growth of seeds includes light incidence. As far as light incidence is concerned, it is important noting that it is made up of a different form of light energy that serves different purposes during germination of seeds. Mainly, it is made up of the white light and red light. In the investigation of the effect of light on the seed development, there is a need to select a specific seed specifically the one that is light sensitive. For this reason, Lettuce seed is highly preferable over the other types of seeds due to its light sensitivity property. Viewing the two types of light with light incidence, white light is highly recognized for promoting seed growth as opposed to the red light which in turn represses the seed (Wani et al, 2016). Similar, substrate on the other hand, has a certain effect on the germination of seed. In reference to the substrate, it is important recalling that germination process owes its success on the chemical reaction of the seed. Their operations in this manner are caused by the control of the phytochrome control that is associated with seed germination (Gaston et al, 2013). In regard to phytochrome control, it has been found that the pigment occurs in two different forms which are Pr a nd Pfr whose their difference is brought about by their varied wavelengths (Rosenthal, 2012). Correct absorption of an appropriate light incidence helps in dissociation of the pigment from one form into another. Consequently, the process of seed germination is enhanced as a result of the appropriate conversion of the pigment. Similar, substrate, on the other hand, has a certain effect on the germination of seed. In reference to the substrate, it is important recalling that germination process owes its success on the chemical reaction of the seed. The chemical reaction, in this case, is based on the functioning of the enzymes (Gaston et al, 2013). Enzymes work on the seeds cotyledons in order to provide the seed with the energy that is required for the growth of the seed. As discussed under the factors that affect the enzymatic reaction, substrate concentration play a very major role in the function of the enzymes. Therefore, low concentration of substrate in a seed is associated with the slow growth of the seed. Moreover, there is a need for the suitable media for the effective functioning of the enzymes. With the results obtained, it is clear that, with the presence of white light, the number of the seeds that sprouted out is very high. On the other hand, the presence of darkness is associated with low seed germination whereas the presence of all the components of incidence light the rate is high even though it is not as high as it is in the white light. In regard to the presence of far-red light only, the seed that germinated is very few in all the Medias. The above results are very vital for the determination of the effect of light and substrate as far as germination is concerned. In order to obtain the percentage of the germination, some calculations were taken. Normally, the method that has enabled the calculation of the percentage of germination is (Seed that germinated * 100%) / total number of seed used Discussion Water, tomato juice and miracle grow in this experiment serve as the medium that facilitates the germination. With the Miracle grow, the germination of the seed is very high compared to the other medium simply because miracle grows has some constitute that facilitates the germination of the seeds (Rosenthal, 2012). Water on the other hand, creates a medium that also facilitates the germination processes even though the rate at which seed germinates in the water medium is low compared to that exhibited in the miracle grow. As far as the tomato juice is concerned, it registered a slow germination process. In this case, it is clear that the enzymatic reaction works differently in the different medium (Wani et al, 2016). Apart from the above information, it can also be concluded that regardless of the medium, there is a need of considering light incidence bearing in mind that the incidence light energy consists of three forms of light which include white light, far-red light and red ligh t. In regard to these forms of light, it is important noting that the different forms of light have different abilities in terms of promoting germination processes. Germination usually works effectively with white light compared to all other forms of light energy (Gaston et al, 2013). Thus, we can conclude by asserting that both forms of light present in the germination site together with the medium within the region are a very important factor as far as germination is concerned. Method In this experiment, there were various steps that are followed in order to attain the required results. The steps to follow are done on the eighteen separate plates and are as follows Pipette 3ml of water into plate 1-6, 3ml of tomato juice into plates 7-12 and 3ml of miracle grow into the rest of the plates. Turn off the laboratory plates after preparation of the plates and carry out the remaining part of the experiments with green light only. The plates are now subdivided into four main parts which includes Plate 1, 7 and 13. Plate 2, 8 and 14. Plate 3, 5, 9, 11, 15 and 17. Plate 4, 6, 10, 12, 16 and 18. The categories of the plates are subjected to different conditions in order to obtain the varied results that would, in turn, bring about the difference in seed germinations under different condition. The difference condition is white light, red light, darkness, far- Red light and the combination of all the lights. Add the lattice seeds, about fifty to each of the plates and make your own observation after a definite period of time. References Wani, S. H., Kumar, V., Shriram, V., Sah, S. K. (2016). Phytohormones and their metabolic engineering for abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants.? The Crop Journal,? 4(3), 162-176. pGaston, K. J., Bennie, J., Davies, T. W., Hopkins, J. (2013). The ecological impacts of nighttime light pollution: a mechanistic appraisal. Biological reviews,? 88(4), 912-927. pRosenthal, I. (2012).? Electromagnetic radiations in food science? (Vol. 19). Springer Science Business Media.